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Piaget’s
Theory
of Cognitive Development
Piaget
developed how intelligence develops from infancy-adolescence, Psychologist
Jean Piaget (1896-1980), Published
1924, primary foundation of child development and educational
psychology.
Piaget's four
stages of cognitive development
1) The Period of
Sensori-Motor Intelligence (0-2 years)
2) The Period of
Preoperational Thought
(2-7 years)
3) The Period of
Concrete Operations
(8-10 years)
4) The Period of
Formal Operations
(11-15 years)
Piaget's
Progression
The
development of intelligence is sequential and driven by the
individual child’s
experience with the environment.
One child can move at a different rate than another. This progression
is different changes over time
if the experiences
of child also changes. No
matter what a child's real age, children must progress
from one stage to the next, building on the cognitive abilities
gained in earlier stages
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Stage
1
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0
to 2 years |
Baby
and toddler behavior |
from
Piaget's theory of child development: A
newborns understanding is limited to direct contact with the
environment and with only simple reflexes---seeing, listening,
sucking, touching, crying, and movement of arms, trunk, and head.
Intelligence develops as a child interacts with the environment,
experiencing reactions and sensations from reflexive actions.
A child begins to communicate through different cries for different
needs. Around the age of 2, through experience and experimentation,
an early sign of thought take place as a child becomes aware
that objects do not cease to exist when they are hidden. They
start to make use of imitation, memory and thought. Children
will also begin to solve problems through a primitive type of
creativity.
from
EasyChild's team: Enjoy
your little ones, they are still just learning how to move and
make sounds. Crying for hunger or out
of discomfort
from
a wet
diaper, this stage a child is learning to communicate their
needs. But they are also starting to ask for things they want,
not need.
The beginning of trying to control their parents.
Stage
2 |
Age
2 to 7 |
Pre-operational
Thought |
from
Piaget's theory of child development: During
this stage, children shift from interacting with their environment
through senses and movement to functioning in a conceptual-symbolic
mode. They can now think in symbolic form. Gradual language development
begins around the age of 2, and is almost mastered by 4. They can
count, but still do not really understand what numbers mean. Their
communication is not yet person to person, but consists of the child’s
monologue. They are able to think operations through logically in
one direction, referred to Piaget as centration. Children do not
yet have the ability to mentally trace a series of events or easily
understand cause and effect relations. Piaget also uses the term
egocentrism to describe children in this stage. Egocentrism is the
inability to take on another’s point of view; children can
not conceive that anyone thinks differently from themselves.
Around
the ages of 6-7, or earlier if a child is constantly exposed
to other children, egocentrism will erode. Children begin to
validate their own thoughts against those of their peers. Through
maturation and experience a more sophisticated and adult-like
state of cognitive development begins to evolve.
from
EasyChild's team: Start
Kids Early Achieve
Better Results
The
perfect time to start with structured parenting is in this
early stage. EasyChild is the ideal way to start younger kids
out on the solid
path,before
they develop bad behavior habits that need to be corrected. Although
EasyChild is recommended for children starting at age
4, Kids as young as 2 are using the system successfully.
As soon
as they are old enough to understand rewards and are
trying to use argue to get what they want they could
be ready.
Stage
3
|
Age
8-10 years |
Concrete
Operations |
from
Piaget's theory of child development: Reasoning
abilities become more developed, but now children are able to solve
concrete (hands-on) problems in a logical fashion. Egocentric thinking
dissolves and children learn that others have ideas and views different
from their own. They begin to pay attention to the point of view
of others as a way to verify their own. They understand laws of conservation
and are able to classify, seriate and understand reversibility, the
ability to think backward from the end to the beginning.
from
EasyChild's team: This
is a great time to start with structured parenting. Kids
are still very much wanting to please their parents. Parents
are able to encourage many positive behaviors and kids are
able to be very helpful around the house. By assigning household
chores and using allowance to teach money concepts, parents
can instill values that can stick before teenage rebellion
and peer pressure starts to take a strong hold.
Stage
4
|
Age
11 -15 years |
Formal
Operations |
from
Piaget's theory of child development: From
11-15 years old, there is a progression of the developments
of new
cognitive abilities. Towards the end of the period, they have
complete conceptual and abstract thinking abilities. They can
talk about concepts, possibilities, form hypotheses and conclusions,
and use rules to solve abstract problems. During this final
stage, a new type of egocentrism emerges, which may explain
some behaviors and attitudes commonly associated with young
teens. Because of their increased cognitive abilities, they
can imagine what others may be thinking. They tend to believe
that others are thinking about them, and that they are as critical
in their thinking as the teens are of themselves. Teens often
develop concerns about social issues and their identity. As
their thinking ability has developed so does their questioning
of adult authority. They no longer view their parents as the
source of absolute truth. Early teen years are often marked
with withdrawal from their family as they step towards independence.
from
EasyChild's team: Kids
in this stage of child development want more things than ever. The
power of incentive-based parenting can be introduced and will work
very effectively. Teens might intially
put up more
resistance than younger kids, (especially if they have been used to
getting their way), but all kids learn what they have to do and not
do, to earn
the
things
they want. Even if problem behaviors have become habits, habits can
be changed with behavior modification and positive feedback. Respect
for authority and responsiblity are essential moral lessons that need
to be absorbed. Parents should have written rules and consequences
for serious misbehaviors to ensure fairness and
to avoid kids pulling away and isolating themselves from their parents
and positive role models.
Stage
5
|
Age
16 and older |
Modification
to Operations |
from
Piaget's theory of child development: According
to Piaget's theory a child operational thought should be developed
by age 16; however, each child
will move through the stages at their own pace and subject to environmental
factors that could delay progression. Parenting style could affect
from
EasyChild's team: It
is never too late, to begin with EasyChild. We all have wished we
had learned somethings earlier in life when it would have been easier,
but this
development
stage is of critical importance and may represent the
last chance a parent
has
to strongly influence
their
young
adults
success and happiness for life. Many kids who have experienced difficult
early childhood, have been able to start later and still catch up
and excel
with their
peers. It is the time to modify, correct, and enhance the lessons
of childhood.
18
years old and beyond
EasyChild
has also been shown effective for young adults 18 and up.
If these young adults are still dependant, living at home
or on their own, parents
can still monitor behavior and control money
and rewards. This is a tough stage for kids today, trying to
become independant is harder than ever, but the work ethic and
responsibility must be learned now or these young adults may
face dysfunctional behavior throughout their adult lives.
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